Nov 21, 2010

DAR ES SALAAM SCHOOL OF JOURNALISM

A PROPOSAL FOR RESEACH

The Role of Wahapahapa Program in Educating Youth on HIV

(Case Study Radio One)

Mfaume Pastory (DSJ/DIP/09/269)

SUPERVISOR

ABEL PANGAMAWE

TUTOR

EDWINE MPOKASYE

November 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION PAGE NO

1.0 Background of the Problem……………………………….........2-3

1.2 Statement of the Study……...……………………………………..4

1.3 Significance of the Study…………………………………..............5

1.4 Objectives of the study…………………………………………..…6

1.5 Hypothesis……………………….………………………………….7

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Literature Review……………...……………..………..8-9

CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 Research Method……………………………………..…..………...10

3.1 Research Design…………………….…..……..…………….……...11

3.2 Operational definition ………………......………..……………….12

3.3 Data Collection ……………………………………………..............13

3.4 Data Analysis……………………………………….…....................14

OTHER CONSIDARATIONS

3.5 Limitation of the Study…………………………………..………..15

3.6 Administration……...………………….…………...…….………..16

3.7 Ethical Considerations ……………………….….……….…….....17

3.8 Budget………….…………………………………………….…..…18

3.8 Reference………………………………………….……..................19

3.9 Questionnaire……………………………………………………….20

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1:0 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Avert Aids organization shows that More than 25 million people have died of AIDS since 1981. Africa has over 14 million AIDS orphans. At the end of 2008, women accounted for 50% of all adults living with HIV worldwide. In developing and transitional countries, 9.5 million people are in immediate need of life-saving AIDS drugs; of these, only 4 million (42%) are receiving the drugsIn Tanzania around 1.3 million people are living with HIV.

The origin of AIDS and HIV has puzzled scientists ever since the illness first came to light in the early 1980s. The first recognized cases of AIDS occurred in the USA in the early 1980s. A number of gay men in New York and California suddenly began to develop rare opportunistic infections and cancers that seemed stubbornly resistant to any treatment. At this time, AIDS did not yet have a name, but it quickly became obvious that all the men were suffering from a common syndrome.

National and International travel undoubtedly had a major role in the initial spread of HIV. In the US, international travel by young men making the most of the gay sexual revolution of the late 70s and early 80s would certainly have played a large part in taking the virus worldwide. In Africa, the virus would probably have been spread along truck routes and between towns and cities within the continent itself.

Before the 1960s – African origins of AIDS. There is now conclusive evidence that HIV originated in Africa. A 10-year study completed in 2005 found a strain of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV) in a number of chimpanzee colonies in south-east Cameroon that was a viral ancestor of the HIV-1 that causes AIDS in humans.

A complex computer model of the evolution of HIV-1 has suggested that the first transfer of SIV to humans occurred around 1930, with HIV-2 transferring from monkeys found in Guinea-Bissau, at some point in the 1940s. Studies of primates in other continents did not find any trace of SIV, leading to the conclusion that HIV originated in Africa. Experts studying the spread of the epidemic suggest that about 2,000 people in Africa may have been infected with HIV by the 1960s.

The 1970s – The first AIDS epidemic. It was in Kinshasa in the 1970s that the first epidemic of HIV/AIDS is believed to have occurred. The emerging epidemic in the Congolese capital was signaled by a surge in opportunistic infections, such as cryptococcal meningitis, Kaposi’s sarcoma, tuberculosis and specific forms of pneumonia. It is speculated that HIV was brought to the city by an infected individual who travelled from Cameroon by river down into the Congo.

On arrival in Kinshasa, the virus entered a wide urban sexual network and spread quickly. The world’s first heterosexually-spread HIV epidemic had begun. The 1980s – Spread and reaction. Although HIV was probably carried into Eastern Africa (Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania and Kenya) in the 1970s from its western equatorial origin, it did not reach epidemic levels in the region until the early 1980s.

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Tanzania in October 1983, some doctors working in Bukoba hospital, Kagera Region, started to see HIV patients presenting with prolonged diarrhea accompanied by severe loss of body weight, thinning of body muscles, chronic fever, or pharyngeal candiadosis and genital ulcers. The first 3 patients with AIDS were reported from Ndolange Hospital in the Kagera region in November 1983. 1985 HIV cases reported all over the country. Initial observation of AIDS cases as reported in Kagera pointed out that the early cases were among adults of both sexes who were involved in cross-border trade, the war, commercial sex workers and truck drivers. Up to now Tanzania is estimated around 2 million people are living with HIV.

Various efforts in the country established in fighting against AIDS and media played a larger part in providing information and education. Tanzania National Website wrote different HIV report to make people aware. In 2002 TAMWA established, Tanzanian Media Women Association. TVT Tanzania Television. WAMATA - (People in the fight against AIDS)

30 Nov 2009 The Association of Journalists Against AIDS in Tanzania (AJAAT) was formed to control of HIV/AIDS in Tanzania by promoting news and media products. AJAAT has launched a website to help link up journalists covering or interested in HIV/AIDS issues. One of the features is an email forum (e-forum) where people can debate various issues regarding HIV/AIDS via email. The Association has planned 2 newsletters - The CRUSADE against HIV/AIDS and Sexual and Reproductive Health Tanzania (SRH Tanzania).

While scramble against HIV are continuing 9 min - 8 Jul 2009 Wahapahapa radio drama is established. Wahapahapa is an exciting HIV communication radio program targeting young people on Radio One. The program uses entertainment education to explore key social issues that fuel HIV/AIDS in Tanzania.

The program supported by Tanzanian Ministry of Health and Social Welfare and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) through the US President’s Emergency Fund for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR); Wahapahapa is managed by STRADCOM - a project of The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health Centre for Communication Programs (CCP) – and received technical assistance from Media for Development International.

The program follows the lives of band members as they deal with everyday issues such as relationships, music & sex. Wahapahapa’s storyline carefully integrates instructive messages around stigma, cross generational sex, multiple concurrent partners, HIV testing, and treatment and care. Using humor, drama, and music; characters model positive behaviour change to help develop and strengthen young people’s belief that they can make safe, healthy, responsible, and respectful decisions about sex and relationships. Wahapahapa also looks to reduce stigma and discrimination against and positive living among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA).

A unique aspect of Wahapahapa is that is also reflects the current musical scene in Tanzania. Producers came up with a radio-deejay character Ray, whose show Mwale wa Jua, showcases real-life musicians and bands in Tanzania. Banana Zorro is one of the first musicians to be featured on Wahapahapa. A Researcher are going to look whether the program is succeeded or not in providing HIV education to Tanzania youth.

1.1 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

In spite of all various efforts done by Wahapa hapa program, people in the society are aware about HIV but still the majority of Youth are continuing being affected with. The problem could be people are despising to take action of what are being told concerning HIV prevention example; people do not use condom during sex and peoples do not have one partner.

Wahapa hapa program has been follows the lives of band members as they deal with everyday issues such as relationships, music & sex , providing HIV testing, and treatment and care. Using humor, drama, and music; characters model positive behavior change to help develop and strengthen young people’s belief that they can make safe, healthy, responsible, and respectful decisions about sex and relationships all these efforts is to insure it provide enough HIV education for Tanzania Youth, in order to avoid new HIV infection.

A lager number of people in our country died with HIV, children for adults, elders for Young people resulting for a country loosing a man power. Most of the parents leaving an orphans with no father no mother, the number of street children is constantly increase. New HIV disease infection transmission is increase in the society, still every day Tanzanians died with HIV most of them are Youth, the group which government depend much on them for their contribution in the development of our nation.

1.2 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY


Researcher believe study findings will help to define the position of Wahapa hapa program in the society whether it succeed or not in providing education to Youth.

Research study will provide a more effective solution against new infection of HIV to Youth.

The findings of the research will help to establish the practice theory that might rescuer youth against new HIV infection.

The findings will help the program producers to understand whether their goals are achieved or not.

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Lastly the findings also might help other researchers to understand what has been done and has not been done through this research and they can go further or more deep when they will be conducting their research.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

General objective

1.3.0 To understand how much Wahaoa hapa program at Radio one contributing in fighting against HIV disease in the society.

Specific Objectives

1.3.1 To understand how much Youth are understanding about HIV disease in the society.

1.3.2 To understand how much Youth are understanding about Wahapahapa Educational radio program.

1.4 HYPOTHESES

H1

Wahapahapa program is not popular because is established recently that’s why most of people especially Youth still do not aware with the program, the impact is new HIV infection for Youth in Tanzania.

H2

In spite of Wahapa hapa program using drama and musicians in providing education to the people actor are fail to contract a messages and using creativity in grasping the listeners attention to give them a direct a right message.

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H3

Most of Youth in Tanzania still are ignorant, they don concentrate on educational programs but are concentrating in other programs like entertainment programs that’s why are in risk of HIV infection.

CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

In this research proposal researcher will review the following: Internet, a book called Kuishi katika matumaini, a book called Taswira za Mafanikio, News papers and society to see their views.

Chama cha Biblia Tanzania, (1999) From the book Kuishi katika Matumaini prepared says, according to this current situation, it show that soon we will observe every society in a community is affected with HIV in our nation in one way or another.

Up to now thousands of people has been affected with HIV, their societies also their friends and the whole society in general, is under fear people are losing hope. But writer give them hope by telling them that; From all these world calamites, those who are in trouble Jesus came in this world in order to save them and their life.

Having multiple sex partners or the presence of other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) can increase the risk of infection during sex. Unprotected oral sex can also be a risk for HIV transmission, but it is a much lower risk than anal or vaginal sex.

Irin, (July 9 -15 2010 ), from a news paper called Tafakari of wrote the story about sex women in Uganda that are blamed their Government for that called shortage of Condom. Writer quart Marklean Kyomya the fighter of sex women rights in Uganda says; Our members from different region are now in a risk of being affected with HIV because of the shortage of condom, so we need our government to help us on that. This show that people in Uganda are now understand so about HIV disease infection. Do our youth in Tanzania are much aware like our friends in Uganda.

Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu, (2001) from the book called Sera ya Taifa ya Kudhibiti Ukimwi:

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John Emanuel, (2008) from a book called Taswira za Mafanikio page number 172 says; the successful of joining youth together discussing about HIV and things it enable these youth having widely understanding of HIV calamity and other things concerning life.

www.changemakers.com/nodel , August 5, 2010 .The issue of rape at home,18 Jan 2007. The initiative started after a young girl tested HIV positive at WAMATA clinic in Tanzania, and financial support for education and small business projects and /or. We use a radio programs and a Newspapers.

Our partners are Radio Clouds fm, WAMATA organization. Effectiveness After about 10 radio sessions we have succeeded in making more victims to come to the Radio station more than the number we expected.

This means there is community awareness of the problem and many victims wants to share their stories with people so that the effects of rape can be seen. THE NUMBER OF CALLERS-This have increased since the program started, we receive many calls during and after the on air program. People are offering financial support, psychosocial support and even lawyers are able to offer their support.

www.changemakers.com/node/125 a popular community health program which is aired every Sunday 2 - 4 pm on clouds FM radio. Being the first weekend of the month on 06 June 2010 the program revisited issues around HIV/AIDS and this time the program focused on poverty and risks of HIV transmission. The program interviewed a 26 year old commercial sex worker girl who is living with HIV.


The program took the audience on a tour through the girls life and how she got infected with the virus this is through. At the end of the interview where the program usually have a special health education segment by the name of
Afya.com the program discussed risks surrounding engaging in unprotected sex among those who are living with HIV/AIDS.

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CHAPTER THREE

METHODOLOGY

3.0 RESEARCHMETHORD

Population Sample: A sample of Youth living in urban especially at Ilala district in Dar es salaam will be given the first priority to give researcher their opinion. In addition to that qualification, researcher intend to interview the number of Youth form various street in Dar er salaam City.

Both sample of Individual can provide the relevant testimony of helpful to radio station especially to those who responsible with Wahapahapa radio program.

Through Internet different friends people will be invited to answer the researcher questions and contributing their opinion related to the topic.
The researcher hope father snowball sampling will occur during the interview.

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3.1 RESEARCHDESIGN

Using qualitative interview Method, the researcher will conduct an interview with research participants to explore how Youth can be safe against new HIV infection.

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3.2 OPERATIONAL DEFINATIONS

Radio is the transmission of signals through electromagnetic radiation by modulation of waves with frequencies below those of visible light.

Radio Program: Is an idea enriched people live covered a wide range of topic running a in formative way.

HIV: is the Human Immunodeficiency Virus. It is the virus that can lead to acquired immune deficiency syndrome, or AIDS. CDC estimates that about 56,000 people in the United States contracted HIV in 2006. Damages a person’s body by destroying specific blood cells, called CD4+ T cells, which are crucial to helping the body fight diseases.

YOUTH: This is the group of people ages of 18 30 years old. It proposed that young people should have:

more things to do and places to go in their local area, and more choice and influence over what is available

more opportunities to volunteer and to make a contribution to their local community

better information, advice and guidance about issues that matter to them, delivered in the way they want to receive it

better support when they need extra help to deal with problems.

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3.3 DATA COLLECTION

Qualitative information will be collected through Open-Ended, Face to Face interview designed with a general interview guide approach. Basic information will be also gathered through the interview.

Each Interview will be audio taped and transcribed word-for word to a data entry program if possible for father analysis.
In addition researcher will keep a field dairy of person insight and interpretation of the interview.

In order to increase credibility and validity, researcher will verify interpretation with participants to check for accuracy prior in data analysis.

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3.4 DATA ANALYSIS

The researcher intend to use two methods to transcribed the interview data:
One researcher will use computerized Highlighting Method to identify the key themes and concepts.

This is probability; if possible the researcher will transpose the data into ATLAS. Use the qualitative data analyzing soft ware programs capabilities to cope and memo emerging themes and concepts.

The trust worthiness of the data will be enhanced by using that two methods researcher will organize all emerging themes and develop a conceptual classification.

Father analysis, researcher will control bios, will look for data point toward implication of Youth new HIV infection. And both Swahili and English Dictionaries will be used.

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OTHER CONSIDARATION

3.5 LIMITATION:

This qualitative study present several limitations. The participant will not be randomly selected given the specific population wish to interview.

The sample population will be chosen from Ilala Sharif Shamba area, limiting the findings to a specific Regional area.

The small number of participant will make generalization. Finally I will conduct interviews, posing a threat to interpret reliability.

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3.6 ADMINISTRATION

The college addressed all students to submit our research on October 2010, the main intention of this research is to conduct an interview early July 2010 and presenting the findings on October.

The project is being supervised in faculty of Journalism Research department at Dar es salaam school of Journalism (DSJ). Enough fund is better to allocated in helpful the successful of this project.

TIME FRAME

Writing a Research for proposal: July 17-30, 2010

Submit ion of Research Proposal to supervisor : August 1,2010

Starting conducting a research and Questionnaire distribution : August 5-15,2010

Data Collection: September 1-15 , 2010

Research Presentation: October 30, 2010

BUDGET

ITEMS

FOOD AND ACCOMODATION

100,000/=

TRANSPORT

50,000/=

STATIONARIES

100,000/=

TOTAL

250,000/=

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3.7 ETHICAL CONSIDARATION

Ethics are provided in order to avoid violating the human rights. This research project will be conducted, evaluated and reported by ethics obedience. The most important consideration are submitting the proposal to supervisor, ensuring maintaining confidentiality when applicable, mitigating harm to subject and accurately reporting findings.


Human rights will be given the first priority consideration, experts in field of Journalism and research preparation will get an opportunity to give their opinions, this including lecturers

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REFERENCE

Kuishi katika matumaini,(2001-2003)

By Chama cha Biblia Tanzania, published Chama cha Biblia cha Tanzania Dodoma.

Taswira za Mafanikio,(2008)

By The Foundation for Civil Society, printed by PENPplus Ltd, Dar es salaam, Tanzania.

Sera ya taifa ya Kudhibiti Ukimwi,( November 2001)

By Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania,Ofisi ya Waziri Mkuu.

Tafakari News papers, (Ijumaa July 9-15,2010)

Article page no 9 written by Irin in Kampala Uganda, translated by Mfaume Pastory.

Internet ( www.changemakers.com/nodel ).

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